Socioeconomic
Data and Applications Center
Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion 1998 Assessment |
S. Madronich (USA), R. L. McKenzie (New Zealand), L. O. Björn (Sweden), and M. M. Caldwell (USA)
Reductions in atmospheric ozone are expected to result in higher amounts of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The expected correlation between increases in surface UV-B radiation and decreases in overhead ozone has been further demonstrated and quantified by ground-based instruments under a wide range of conditions. Improved measurements of UV-B radiation are now providing better geographical and temporal coverage. Surface UV-B radiation levels are highly variable because of cloud cover, and also because of local effects including pollutants and surface reflections. These factors usually decrease atmospheric transmission and therefore the surface irradiances at UV-B as well as other wavelengths. Occasional cloud-induced increases have also been reported.
With a few exceptions, the direct detection of UV-B trends at low and mid-latitudes remains problematic due to this high natural variability, the relatively small ozone changes, and the practical difficulties of maintaining long-term stability in networks of UV-measuring instruments. Few reliable UV-B radiation measurements are available from pre-ozone depletion days.
Satellite-based observations of atmospheric ozone and clouds are being used, together with models of atmospheric transmission, to provide global coverage and long-term estimates of surface UV-B radiation.Estimates of long term (1979-1992) trends in zonally-averaged UV-irradiances that include cloud effects are nearly identical to those for clear-sky estimates, providing evidence that clouds have not influenced the UV-B trends. However, the limitations of satellite-derived UV estimates should be recognized. To assess uncertainties inherent in this approach, additional validations involving comparisons with ground-based observations are required.
Direct comparisons of ground-based UV-B radiation measurements between a few mid-latitude sites in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have shown larger differences than those estimated using satellite data. Ground-based measurements show that summertime erythemal UV irradiances in the Southern Hemisphere exceed those at comparable latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere by up to 40%, whereas corresponding satellite-based estimates yield only 10 to 15% differences. Atmospheric pollution may be a factor in this discrepancy between ground-based measurements and satellite-derived estimates. UV-B measurements at more sites are required to determine whether the larger observed differences are globally representative.
High levels of UV-B radiation continue to be observed in Antarctica during the recurrent spring-time ozone hole.For example, during ozone hole episodes, measured biologically-damaging radiation at Palmer Station, Antarctica (64°S) has been found to approach and occasionally even exceed maximum summer values at San Diego, USA (32°N).
Long term predictions of future UV-B
levels are difficult and uncertain. Nevertheless, current best estimates
suggest that a slow recovery to pre-ozone depletion levels may be expected
during the next half-century. Although the maximum ozone depletion, and
hence maximum UV-B increase, is likely to occur in the current decade,
the ozone layer will continue to be in its most vulnerable state into the
next century. The peak depletion and the recovery phase could be delayed
by decades because of interactions with other long-term atmospheric changes,
e.g. increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. Other factors that
could influence the recovery include non-ratification and/or non-compliance
with the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments, and future
volcanic eruptions. The recovery phase for surface UV-B irradiances will
probably not be detectable until many years after the ozone minimum.
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