SEDAC
Home
Metadata Overview Guide Keywords Training Catalogs Links
CIESIN's Guide to FGDC Compliant Metadata

Appendix 2. Sample Record for a Dataset

The CSDGM only specifies the content of the metadata, not its format, and therefore not all metadata records look the same. The following is the metadata record from our database for the Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3) dataset. Following the metadata template shown on the previous page, it uses a hierarchical indentation of metadata elements in a text form document. For links to more example metadata records, see section 2.2.1 of the Metadata Primer.

 

Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3)


Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification Information

Section Index

    Citation:
      Citation Information:
        Originator: Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)
        Publication Date: 2005
        Title: Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3)
        Geospatial Data Presentation Form: raster digital data, vector digital data, tabular digital data, map
        Publication Information:
          Publication Place: Palisades, NY
          Publisher: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University
        Online Linkage: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/
    Description:
      Abstract:
        Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3) consists of estimates of human population for the years 1990, 1995, and 2000 by 2.5 arc-minute grid cells and associated datasets dated circa 2000. The data products include population count grids (raw counts), population density grids (per square km), land area grids (actual area net of ice and water), mean administrative unit area grids, centroids, a national identifier grid, national boundaries, and coastlines. These products vary in GIS-compatible data formats and geographic extents (global, continent [Antarctica not included], and country levels). A proportional allocation gridding algorithm, utilizing more than 300,000 national and sub-national administrative units, is used to assign population values to grid cells. GPWv3 is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) in collaboration with Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT).
      Purpose: To serve a wide user community by providing the latest data on human population distribution that can be used in interdisciplinary studies of the environment.
      Supplemental Information:
        This is the production version of Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3). If you discover any errors or have any issues with the data, please let us know at ciesin.info@ciesin.columbia.edu.
    Time Period of Content:
      Time Period Information:
        Multiple Dates/Times:
          Single Date/Time:
            Calendar Date: 7/1/1990
          Single Date/Time:
            Calendar Date: 7/1/1995
          Single Date/Time:
            Calendar Date: 7/1/2000
    Status:
      Progress: Complete
      Maintenance and Update Frequency: As needed
    Spatial Domain:
      Bounding Coordinates:
        West Bounding Coordinate: -180
        East Bounding Coordinate: 180
        North Bounding Coordinate: 85
        South Bounding Coordinate: -58
    Keywords:
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: CIESIN Indexing Vocabulary Version 2.1 (GCMD Format)
        Theme Keyword: CIESIN > Population Dynamics > Demographic Characteristics > Population Distribution
        Theme Keyword: CIESIN > Population Dynamics > Demographic Characteristics > Population Size
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: GCMD Parameter Valids
        Theme Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Human Dimensions > Population > Population Distribution
        Theme Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Human Dimensions > Population > Population Size
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: General
        Theme Keyword: Global Population
        Theme Keyword: GPW
        Theme Keyword: GPW Version 3
        Theme Keyword: GPW V3
        Theme Keyword: GPWv3
        Theme Keyword: Gridded Population of the World
        Theme Keyword: Population Density
        Theme Keyword: Population Estimates
        Theme Keyword: Population Projections
        Theme Keyword: Population Studies
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: EI Gateway Vocabulary
        Theme Keyword: Population
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: SEDAC Topic
        Theme Keyword: Population
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: Data Granularity
        Theme Keyword: Country
        Theme Keyword: Continent
        Theme Keyword: Global
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: GIS Format
        Theme Keyword: GIS
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: Project
        Theme Keyword: Gridded Population of the World (GPW)
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: CSA-NBII Biocomplexity
        Theme Keyword: Cartography
        Theme Keyword: Human Population Density
        Theme Keyword: Human Populations
        Theme Keyword: Mapping
        Theme Keyword: Population Distribution
        Theme Keyword: World Population
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: NBII Node
        Theme Keyword: Northeast Information Node (NIN)
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: ISO Topic
        Theme Keyword: Boundaries
        Theme Keyword: Society
      Theme:
        Theme Keyword Thesaurus: WDC Theme
        Theme Keyword: Climate
        Theme Keyword: Conservation
        Theme Keyword: Hazard
        Theme Keyword: Health
        Theme Keyword: Population
      Place:
        Place Keyword Thesaurus: CIESIN Location Terms, version 2.0
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Africa
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Amazonia
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Asia
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Australia
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Caribbean
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Central Africa
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Central America
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > East Asia
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Equatorial
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Europe
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Global
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Middle East
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Mid-Latitude
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > North Africa
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > North America
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Oceania
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Pacific Islands
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Polar
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > South America
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > South Asia
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > South Pacific Islands
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > Southeast Asia
        Place Keyword: Continent/Region > West Africa
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Afghanistan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Albania
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Algeria
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > American Samoa
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Andorra
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Angola
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Anguilla
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Antigua and Barbuda
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Argentina
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Armenia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Aruba
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Australia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Austria
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Azerbaijan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Bahamas
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Bahrain
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Bangladesh
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Barbados
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Belarus
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Belgium
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Belize
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Benin
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Bermuda
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Bhutan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Bolivia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Bosnia and Herzegovina
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Botswana
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Brazil
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > British Virgin Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Brunei
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Bulgaria
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Burkina Faso
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Burundi
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Cambodia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Cameroon
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Canada
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Cape Verde
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Cayman Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Central African Republic
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Chad
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Chile
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > China
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Colombia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Comoros
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Cook Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Costa Rica
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Cote D'Ivoire
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Croatia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Cuba
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Cyprus
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Czech Republic
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Democratic Republic of the Congo
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Denmark
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Djibouti
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Dominica
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Dominican Republic
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Ecuador
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Egypt
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > El Salvador
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Equatorial Guinea
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Eritrea
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Estonia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Ethiopia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Faeroe Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Falkland Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Finland
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > France
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > French Guiana
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > French Polynesia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Gabon
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Gambia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Georgia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Germany
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Ghana
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Gibraltar
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Greece
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Greenland
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Grenada
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Guadeloupe
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Guam
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Guatemala
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Guinea
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Guinea-Bissau
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Guyana
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Haiti
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Honduras
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Hong Kong
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Hungary
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Iceland
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > India
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Indonesia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Iran
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Iraq
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Ireland
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Israel
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Italy
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Jamaica
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Japan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Jordan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Kazakhstan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Kenya
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Kiribati
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Kuwait
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Kyrgyzstan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Laos
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Latvia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Lebanon
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Lesotho
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Liberia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Libya
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Liechtenstein
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Lithuania
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Luxembourg
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Macau
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Macedonia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Madagascar
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Malawi
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Malaysia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Maldives
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Mali
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Malta
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Marshall Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Martinique
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Mauritania
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Mauritius
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Mexico
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Micronesia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Moldova
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Monaco
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Mongolia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Montserrat
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Morocco
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Mozambique
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Myanmar
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Namibia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Nauru
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Nepal
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Netherlands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Netherlands Antilles
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > New Caledonia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > New Zealand
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Nicaragua
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Niger
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Nigeria
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > North Korea
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Northern Mariana Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Norway
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Oman
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Pakistan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Palau
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Palestine
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Panama
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Papua New Guinea
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Paraguay
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Peru
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Philippines
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Pitcairn Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Poland
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Portugal
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Puerto Rico
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Qatar
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Republic of the Congo
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Réunion
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Romania
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Russia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Rwanda
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Saint Helena
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Saint Kitts and Nevis
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Saint Lucia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Saint Pierre and Miquelon
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Saint Vincent and The Grenadines
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Samoa
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Sao Tome and Principe
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Saudi Arabia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Senegal
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Serbia and Montenegro
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Seychelles
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Sierra Leone
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Singapore
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Slovakia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Slovenia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Solomon Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Somalia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > South Africa
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > South Korea
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Spain
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Sri Lanka
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Sudan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Suriname
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Svalbard
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Swaziland
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Sweden
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Switzerland
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Syria
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Tajikistan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Tanzania
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Thailand
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Togo
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Tonga
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Trinidad and Tobago
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Tunisia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Turkey
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Turkmenistan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Turks and Caicos Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Tuvalu
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Uganda
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Ukraine
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > United Arab Emirates
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > United Kingdom
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > United States
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Uruguay
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > US Virgin Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Uzbekistan
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Vanuatu
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Venezuela
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Vietnam
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Wallis and Futuna Islands
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Yemen
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Yugoslavia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Zambia
        Place Keyword: Country/Island > Zimbabwe
    Access Constraints: CIESIN offers unrestricted access and use of data without charge, unless specified in the documentation for particular data. All other rights are reserved.
    Use Constraints:
      The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York and the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) hold the copyright of this dataset. Users are prohibited from any commercial, non-free resale, or redistribution without explicit written permission from CIESIN and CIAT. Users should acknowledge CIESIN and CIAT as the source used in the creation of any reports, publications, new datasets, derived products, or services resulting from the use of this dataset. CIESIN and CIAT also request reprints of any publications and notification of any redistributing efforts.
    Point of Contact:
      Contact Information:
        Contact Organization Primary:
          Contact Organization: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) User Services
        Contact Address:
          Address Type: mailing and physical address
          Address: CIESIN, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000
          City: Palisades
          State or Province: NY
          Postal Code: 10964
          Country: USA
        Contact Voice Telephone: +1 845-365-8920
        Contact Facsimile Telephone: +1 845-365-8922
        Contact Electronic Mail Address: ciesin.info@ciesin.columbia.edu

     

    Data Set Credit: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/credits.jsp

    Cross Reference:

      Citation Information:
        Originator: National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA); Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)
        Publication Date: 1995
        Title: Gridded Population of the World, Version 1 (GPWv1)
        Geospatial Data Presentation Form: raster digital data, map
        Publication Information:
          Publication Place: Saginaw, MI
          Publisher: CIESIN
        Online Linkage: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/
    Cross Reference:
      Citation Information:
        Originator: Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); World Resources Institute (WRI)
        Publication Date: 2000
        Title: Gridded Population of the World, Version 2 (GPWv2)
        Geospatial Data Presentation Form: raster digital data
        Publication Information:
          Publication Place: Palisades, NY
          Publisher: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University
        Online Linkage: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/
    Cross Reference:
      Citation Information:
        Originator:
          Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; International Food Policy Research Institute (IPFRI); The World Bank; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)
        Publication Date: 2005
        Title: Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP), Alpha Version
        Geospatial Data Presentation Form: raster digital data, vector digital data, tabular digital data, map
        Publication Information:
          Publication Place: Palisades, NY
          Publisher: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University
        Online Linkage: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/
    Cross Reference:
      Citation Information:
        Originator: Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO); Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT).
        Publication Date: 2005
        Title: Gridded Population of the World: Future Estimates (GPWFE)
        Geospatial Data Presentation Form: raster digital data, map
        Publication Information:
          Publication Place: Palisades, NY
          Publisher: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University
        Online Linkage: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/

Data Quality Information

Section Index

Spatial Data Organization Information

Section Index

Spatial Reference Information

Section Index

    Horizontal Coordinate System Definition:
      Geodetic Model:
        Horizontal Datum Name: WGS84
        Ellipsoid Name: WGS84
        Semi-major Axis: 6378137
        Denominator of Flattening Ratio: 298.257223563

Distribution Information

Section Index

    Distributor:
      Contact Information:
        Contact Organization Primary:
          Contact Organization: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) User Services
        Contact Address:
          Address Type: mailing and physical address
          Address: CIESIN, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000
          City: Palisades
          State or Province: NY
          Postal Code: 10964
          Country: USA
        Contact Voice Telephone: +1 845-365-8920
        Contact Facsimile Telephone: +1 845-365-8922
        Contact Electronic Mail Address: ciesin.info@ciesin.columbia.edu
    Resource Description: CIESIN_SEDAC_GPW_V3
    Distribution Liability:
      CIESIN follows procedures designed to ensure that data disseminated by CIESIN are of reasonable quality. If, despite these procedures, users encounter apparent errors or misstatements in the data, they should contact SEDAC User Services at +1 845-365-8920 or via email at ciesin.info@ciesin.columbia.edu. Neither CIESIN nor NASA verifies or guarantees the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of any data provided. CIESIN provides this data without warranty of any kind whatsoever, either express or implied. CIESIN shall not be liable for incidental, consequential, or special damages arising out of the use of any data provided by CIESIN.
    Standard Order Process:
      Ordering Instructions:
        The data are available from the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) in ARC/INFO Grid, American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), Band Interleaved by Line (BIL), Microsoft Excel (XLS), ESRI Shapefile (SHP), and Portable Document (PDF) formats via direct download at http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/.
    Standard Order Process:
      Digital Form:
        Digital Transfer Information:
          Format Name: ARC/INFO Grid
          File Decompression Technique: unzip
        Digital Transfer Option:
      Digital Form:
        Digital Transfer Information:
          Format Name: ASCII
          File Decompression Technique: unzip
        Digital Transfer Option:
      Digital Form:
        Digital Transfer Information:
          Format Name: BIL
          File Decompression Technique: unzip
        Digital Transfer Option:
      Digital Form:
      Digital Form:
        Digital Transfer Information:
          Format Name: SHP
          File Decompression Technique: unzip
        Digital Transfer Option:
      Digital Form:
        Digital Transfer Information:
          Format Name: PDF
        Digital Transfer Option:
    Available Time Period:
      Time Period Information:
        Single Date/Time:
          Calendar Date: 2005

Metadata Reference Information

Section Index

    Metadata Date: 10/25/2005
    Metadata Review Date: 8/2/2006
    Metadata Future Review Date: 8/2/2007
    Metadata Contact:
      Contact Information:
        Contact Organization Primary:
          Contact Organization: Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) Metadata Administration
        Contact Address:
          Address: CIESIN, Columbia University, P.O. Box 1000, 61 Route 9W
          City: Palisades
          State or Province: NY
          Postal Code: 10964
          Country: USA
        Contact Voice Telephone: +1 845-365-8988
        Contact Facsimile Telephone: +1 845-365-8922
        Contact Electronic Mail Address: metadata@ciesin.columbia.edu
    Metadata Standard Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
    Metadata Standard Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
    Metadata Time Convention: local time

CIESIN's Guide to FGDC Compliant Metadata

CIESIN Home Page

Need help or information? Contact SEDAC User Services
About SEDAC  Acknowledgments

NASA Home Page SEDAC logo

Copyright © 1997-.
The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York.

Privacy Policy and Important Notices

This site is for review only.
Use data and services at your own risk.